European Framework for Research Careers (R1–R4)

What does it mean to be an R2 researcher?

In the German Postdoc Network, we often refer to postdocs as R2 researchers. Never heard the term before? You are not alone. "R2" is one of four profiles defined in the European Framework for Research Careers, which outlines key stages of researcher development across Europe. Gaining a clear understanding of your profile can support you in identifying opportunities, meeting expectations, and planning your next career steps strategically.

The Researcher Career Framework provides a structured way to classify researchers across all sectors—whether in academia, industry, government, or non-profit organizations. Its goal is to offer a common reference point that reflects a researcher’s role, experience, and contributions to the scientific community, regardless of their institutional setting.

The framework outlines four progressive stages—R1 to R4—representing the evolution of a research career, from early-stage researchers (typically PhD candidates) to leading experts (such as full professors or senior research leaders). Each stage is defined by a distinct set of qualifications, responsibilities, and demonstrated achievements, helping to track and support the development of research competencies over time.

The framework is intended to foster cross-border and cross-sector researcher mobility, helping researchers to identify job offers and employers to find suitable candidates.

R1 – First Stage Researcher

Researchers doing research under supervision up to the point of a PhD or equivalent level of competence and experience.

R2 – Recognised Researcher

Researchers with a PhD or equivalent level of competence and experience who have not yet established a significant level of independence in developing their own research, attracting funding, or leading a research group.

R3 – Established Researcher

Researchers with a PhD or equivalent level of competence and experience who are able to independently develop their own research, attract funding, and lead a research group.

R3 – Recognised Researcher

Researchers with a PhD or equivalent level of competence and experience who are recognised as leading their research field by their peers.

According to the European Framework for Research Careers, the following characteristics describe a Recognised Researcher (R2)—in addition to those attributed to a First Stage Researcher (R1):

 

  • Has demonstrated a systematic understanding of a field of study and mastery of research associated with that field;
  • Has demonstrated the ability to conceive, design, implement and adapt a substantial program of research with integrity;
  • Has made a contribution through original research that extends the frontier of knowledge by developing a substantial body of work, innovation or application. This could merit national or international refereed publication or patent;
  • Demonstrates critical analysis, evaluation and synthesis of new and complex ideas;
  • Can communicate with his peers - be able to explain the outcome of his research and value thereof to the research community;
  • Takes ownership for and manages own career progression, sets realistic and achievable career goals, identifies and develops ways to improve employability;
  • Co-authors papers at workshop and conferences.

 

These characteristics, in our view, align closely with the tasks and competencies typically expected of postdoctoral researchers in Germany. However, they can also apply to roles such as junior lecturers, junior research analysts, or junior research scientists, among others (see the examples of occupations listed in the European Framework for Research Careers).

 

Following the acquisition of these skills and competencies, a researcher may transition into the Established Researcher (R3) category. This stage often corresponds to roles such as assistant professor, principal investigator, or junior group leader.

From our perspective, it is essential that career progression—reflected in skills, competencies, and research achievements—is also acknowledged through appropriate titles, contract types, remuneration, responsibilities, and employment security. To support clearer recognition of this advancement, we advocate for reserving the title Postdoc or postdoctoral researcher exclusively for those in the R2 phase. For researchers who have progressed into the more advanced R3 stage, we recommend the use of alternative titles that better reflect their level of expertise and leadership.

Progress in a researcher’s skills and competencies should go hand in hand with changes in job title, responsibilities, contract conditions, and recognition.

Curious about the skills and competencies that define a research career—and where you currently stand?

The European Competence Framework for Researchers (ResearchComp) is a valuable tool for self-assessment and development. It outlines key dimensions of a researcher's work, including:

  • Conducting research

  • Managing research

  • Making an impact

  • Self-management

  • Cognitive abilities

  • Collaboration and teamwork

  • Managing research tools

The framework shows how these competencies evolve across the different stages of a research career. It can help you identify your strengths, pinpoint areas for growth, and plan how to further develop your researcher profile.

You can find it here!